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Itsembabwoko mu Rwanda ryabaye ku ruhande rumwe cyangwa ku mpande ebyiri?
Bimwe mu byanditse mu gitabo "UKO PAULO KAGAME YATANZE ABATUTSI HO IBITAMBO" cyanditswe na Ambassadeur Jean-Marie Ndagijimana, mw'icapiro La Pagaie.
"Mu kiganiro yagiranye na Jean Pierre Elkabbach kuri Europe1 ku itariki ya 2 Ukwakira 2007, Bernard Kouchner yasubije icyo kibazo adategwa ati: «Ni itsembabwoko ku ruhande rumwe Bwana Elkabbach, si itsembabwoko ku mpande ebyiri. Ni Abahutu nyamwinshi bishe Abatutsi nyamuke. Nari mpibereye.»
Mu byo yatangaje nyuma yaho kuri icyo kibazo, Bernard Kouchner yakuriye abantu inzira ku murima agira ati: «Kuvuga ko FPR yakoze itsembabwoko ni uburyo bwo kuripfobya.»
Imbago ntarengwa zishingwa ubwo: Abahutu bitwa abagome, naho Abatutsi bitwa ibitambo. Kubera ubwinshi bwabo Abahutu bitwa abagome, naho Abatutsi bake bakaba abeza. Iyi mvugo itinyuka kwemeza ibintu itaziguye. Minisitiri Bernard Kouchner yatsindagiraga interuro ngo «Nari mpibereye». Agitangira ikiganiro, yakoresheje ayo magambo nyabufindo atsembera abashaka kubyutsa ikibazo cy'itsembabwoko ryakozwe ku mpande zombi. Aba ashyize atyo mu gatebo kamwe ubwoko yita ubw'ababi bakoze amahano. Bahabwa igihano badahawe uburenganzira bwo kwiregura.
Nubwo ubwicanyi bwakozwe mu buryo no mu bihe bimwe, ubwo muri 1994 bwo burahanwa cyangwa bukababarirwa hakurikijwe ko bwakozwe n'ubwoko nyamwinshi cyangwa n'ubwoko nyamuke. Iryo tandukanyirizo rishingiye ku gitekerezo kidafashe kivuga ko nyamuke ihora ibangamiwe na nyamwinshi, ko igomba gutabarwa no gufashwa kugira ngo idatsembwa burundu, mu gihe nyamwinshi yo iba ifite imbaraga n'ubwinshi bituma ibasha kurokoka ubwicanyi bw'indengarugero. Imbabazi zaba zikwiye kugirirwa rubanda nyamuke gusa! Ku bireba u Rwanda, iyo bavuga itsembabwoko, birengagize ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'Abahutu bagize ubwoko nyamwinshi bishwe bunyamaswa n'ingabo za FPR zigizwe ahanini n'Abatutsi bo mu bwoko nyamuke.
Hagati ya Mata na Nyakanga 1994, isi ntiyategereje ko Bernard Kouchner ajya mu Rwanda kugira ngo imenye ko ibihumbi n'ibihumbi by'abanyarwanda bicwaga bazira icyo bari cyo batazira icyo bari bakoze. Nibyo rwose itsembabwoko ryibasiye Abatutsi ni icyasha mu mu mateka y'isi. Ayo marorerwa ariko ntatuma umuntu abasha gunonosora impamvu z'intambara yahekuye u Rwanda kuva mu kwakira 1990. Ibyabaye ni byinshi kurusha uko abantu babitekereza.
Birazwi ko muri Mata 1994 u Rwanda rwari rwaracitsemo ibice bibiri. Igice cy'amajyepfo cyaboyoborwaga n'ingabo za guverinoma cyakorewemo itsembabwoko ryibasiye Abatutsi bikerekanwa ku ma televiziyo yo ku isi hose. Naho mu majyaruguru, hari hamaze imyaka itatu higaruriwe n'inyeshyamba z'Abatutsi, kandi itangazamakuru ryigenga ritemerwe kuhagera. Ubu twamenye ko Paul Kagame yaboneyeho akanya agakora ubwicanyi bwibasira ubwoko (ari na ho havuye imvugo mu rurimi rw'igiswahili yitwa fyagiya bivuga gukubura) bwakorewe imbaga nyamwinshi y'Abahutu bo mu turere twa Byumba na Ruhengeri yari yarigaruriye.
None se ibyo ni itsembabwoko cyangwa si itsembabwoko? Ryabaye ku ruhande rumwe cyangwa ku mpande zombi? Byaba bikwiye ko umuntu aregwa gupfobya itsembabwoko, mu gihe agendeye ku bimenyetso simusiga n'ibyegeranyo bidakemangwa bigaragaza ibyaha by'intambara, ubwicanyi bukorewe ikiremwa muntu n'ibikorwa bya itsembabwoko byakozwe n'intagondwa z'Abatutsi za FPR? Uretse uwanyemeza ko Abatutsi bavutse barusha Abahutu agaciro, nzakomeza guha ayo moko yombi agaciro kamwe. Nongeye gusaba abiyita impuguke mu bibazo by'u Rwanda konsobanurira impamvu jye wavutse ku babyeyi b'Abahutu n'Abatutsi nabuzwa guharanira ko abavandimwe bo muri ayo moko yombi nkomokamo bagira uburenganzira bwo kubaho? Kuki naregwa gupfobya itsembabwoko mu gihe mparanira uburenganzira bwo kubaho bw'Abahutu tuvukana nkuko narwanyije itsembatbwoko ryakorerwaga abavandimwe banjye b'Abatutsi?
Abasobanuye itsembabwoko mu rwego rw'amategeko ntibatekerezaga Abahutu n'Abatutsi bo mu Rwanda. Amasezerano agamije guhagarika no guhana ibikorwa by'ubwicanyi byibasiye inyoko muntu asobanuwe mu buryo rusange kuri bose. Igihe cyose ubwicanyi bwibasiye abaturage buhuje n'ibyateganijwe muri ayo masezerano, bavuga ko habaye cyangwa hatabaye itsembabwoko.
Ku ngingo yayo ya II, ayo masezerano asobanura icyaha cy'itsembabwoko ku buryo bikurikira: «Muri aya masezerano, itsembabwoko rigaragazwa na bimwe mu bikorwa bikurikira, byakozwe bigambiriye kurimbura agatsiko k'abantu, hashingiwe ku bwoko, inkomoko, ubwenegihugu, ibara ry'umubiri cyangwa idini, nko: a) Kwica abagize ako gatsiko; b) Guhungabanya bikomeye abagize ako gatsiko ku mubiri cyangwa mu bwenge; c) Gushyira mu kato abagize ako gatsiko ku buryo byabaviramo bashira cyangwa bakagabanuka; d) Imigambi yo kuburizamo imbyaro muri ako gatsiko.»
Mbere yo gukomeza, ni ngombwa gutanga ibisobanuro by'ingenzi kugira ngo ibyo kwitiranya bibanze bive mu nzira. Amasezerano yavuzwe haruguru akoresha nkana ijambo kugambirira aho gukoresha kuzirikana cyangwa gutegura.
Muri iyi nyandiko, ndirinda impaka zitari ngombwa ku bijyanye mu gihe hirya no hino hagaragaye ibimenyetso byo kwemeza uko kugambirira kuvugwa mu ngingo ya 2 y'ayo masezerano. Ku marorerwa nk'ayo kuki twashakishaa ibigoye kandi hari ibyoroshye? Turagendera ku ngingo ivuga ko gutegura bitari ngombwa kandi ko nta n'akamaro bifite mu kugaragaza ko habaye itsembabwoko. Nkuko biteganywa n'amasezerano birahagije kugaragaza ko ibyakozwe byagambiriwe. Icyakora biramutse bigaragajwe ko byanateguwe, byakwakirwa nk'impamvu y'inyongera bukomere. TPIR yananiwe kugaragaza ko itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda ryateguwe igambiriye kwerekane ubusangiracyaha bw'abayobozi ba leta yariho. Iyo nzira y'ibusamo yari kugabanye igihe cy'imanza, igafasha no kwemeza ubusangiracyaha abari muri guverinoma yariho muri 1994, abayobozi b'amashyaka amwe namwe, n'abasirikare bakuru b'ingabo z'igihugu. Kubera impamvu z'imari, ndetse n'iza politiki, ibihugu nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika byashyigikiye iyo nzira ngufi. Ibyakurikiyeho byagaragaje ko TPIR idashobora kwerekana itegurwa ry'itsembabwoko ryakorewe Abatutsi. Ibyo ariko ntacyo bihindura ku miterere y'ubwicanyi bw'itsembabwoko ryibasiye Abatutsi kuva muri Mata kugeza muri Nyakanga 1994.
Ingingo ya kabiri igomba gusobanurwa ni uko umubare w'abazize itsembabwoko, kimwe n'itegurwa, ntiwinjira mu mpamvu baheraho bemeza itsembabwoko. Muri Bosiniya, umubare w'abazize itsembabwoko rya Srebrenica [soma Sereberenitsa] ntaho uhuriye n'uwo mu Rwanda. Ariko naryo ni itsembabwoko! Ku byerekeye iryo tsembabwoko rya Srebrenica, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rwemeje ko hagomba kuba «umugambi wo gutsemba byibuze igice kigaragara cy'ako gatsiko k'abantu. Nibyo byemeza icyaha cy'itsembabwoko: Impamvu n'intego z'amasezerano muri rusange ni ukubuza kurimbura bigambiriwe udutsiko tw'abantu, igice cyibasiwe kikaba kigomba kuba ari kinini bihagije ku buryo iryo rimbura ryagira ingaruka mbi kuri ako gatsiko.»
Nanone muri icyo cyemezo ku itsembabwoko rya Srebrenica, urukiko rwagaragaje ko «muri rusange hashobora kwemezwa ko habaye itsembabwoko iyo hari umugambi wo kurimbura agatsiko ahantu hazwi... Umugambi ntugomba kuba gusa ari ukumara ku isi agatsiko runaka».
Ingingo ya nyuma ikwiye kwitabwaho ni uko ibyaha bikozwe n'uruhande runaka, kabone n'iyo byaba amarorerwa, bidakwiye na rimwe kubabarirwa cyangwa gukuraho ibyaha by'urundi ruhande. Nkuko bitagomba gushyirwa muri rusange ku bandi bishingiye ku nkomoko, ku bwoko, ku ibara ry'umubiri cyangwa idini biranga abakoze ibyo byaha. Keretse gusa iyo bo ubwabo babigizemo uruhare. Muri urwo rwego, icyaha gihama uwagikoze, keretse iyo hari mpamvu imugira umwere. Nta shingiro bifite rero gutangaza ko «Abahutu nyamwinshi bishe Abatutsi nyamuke» nkuko Bernard Kouchner atahwemye kubisubiramo. Ni ukuvanga ibintu ku buryo bunyuranyije n'ukuri kandi bukwiye kwamaganwa."
